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- MakaleBelleten · 2026 · Cilt 90 · s. 387-414Açık erişim
Two Unpublished Inscriptions of Sultan Izz al-din Kaykawus I Discovered in Sinop
Mahmut Demir
Sinop is an important Black Sea harbour city with a very deep-rooted historical past. It has historical and commercial ties especially with the port cities in the north of the Black Sea and other cities on the coasts. It is also one of Turkey’s gateways to the Black Sea. Due to its importance, it became one of the targets of the Seljuqs of Türkiye and was conquered in late 1214 under Sultan İzz al-din Kaykawus I. After the conquest, the Seljuqs carried out intensive repair and fortification activities in Sinop Castle, thus leaving permanent traces in the city. Thus, they turned Sinop into a Muslim-Turkish city. One of the most important traces of the Seljuqs of Türkiye in Sinop is the inscriptions they placed on the castle walls and bastions of the city. These inscriptions contain very valuable information about the Seljuqs of Türkiye. In 2021, during the restoration works carried out in cooperation with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and the European Union in the Historical Prison located in Sinop Castle, two previously unpublished inscriptions were discovered, providing new data on both the history of the city of Sinop and the Seljuqs of Türkiye. These inscriptions reveal the Seljuq Amir Fahr al-din Ardamshah, whose name is not mentioned in the sources, and show that Mubariz al-din Behramshah, the Governor of Amasya, and his team carried out more repair and fortification works in Sinop than is known. With these two inscriptions, it is better understood how much area the Seljuqs of Türkiye carried out fortification and repair works in Sinop Castle. In our study, the Arabic texts and translations of the two new Seljuq inscriptions will be given, and the new information they provide will be evaluated in terms of Sinop and Seljuq History.
- MakaleBelleten · 2026 · Cilt 90 · s. 363-386Açık erişim
The Role of Archaeology in the Study of Caucasian Turkish History
İbrahim Tellioğlu
The Caucasia, located between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, represents one of the most significant intersections between Asia and Europe. Owing to this strategic position, it has historically accommodated various communities, including Turkic groups. Although historical sources provide diverse accounts regarding the settlement of Turks in the region, it remains difficult to trace this presence within a coherent chronological framework. In certain cases, anachronistic information further complicates the understanding of how Turkic settlement in the Caucasus evolved. In particular, the scarcity of reliable evidence in historical records concerning the presence of Turks during Antiquity has led to ongoing scholarly debates. Archaeological investigations carried out in the Caucasus have yielded material evidence that contributes to a more tangible understanding of the region’s past. These findings not only clarify abstract narratives found in written sources, but also offer insights into the traces of Turkic presence across the region. Nevertheless, the results of such investigations have largely remained confined to excavation reports and have not been widely incorporated into historical research. By integrating archaeological data into their analyses, historians may address the limitations of the textual record. In doing so, they can reconstruct the chronology of Turkic settlement in the Caucasus and identify concrete examples of the material culture associated with these populations.
- MakaleBelleten · 2026 · Cilt 90 · s. 345-362Açık erişim
Three Hittite Inscribed Artifacts from Erimtan Museum
Yiğit Hayati Erbil, Alice Mouton
This study presents the first scholarly edition of three inscribed artifacts from Hittite Anatolia, currently preserved in the Erimtan Museum in Ankara. The artifacts under examination consist of a seal, a seal impression, and a fragmentary cuneiform tablet. RTI (Reflectance Transformation Imaging) studies have been conducted to obtain clear images of the inscriptions on the artifacts, and their drawings have been completed for publication. A proposed reading of the seal owner’s name is provided for both the seal and the seal impression, offering insight into the individuals associated with these objects. These identifications contribute to the broader study of glyptic in the Hittite period. In addition, the preliminary reading of the tablet fragment, despite its heavily eroded state, suggests a possible association with the corpus of the AN.TAH. ŠUM festival. While this identification remains tentative due to the fragmentary nature of the text, it offers an opportunity to investigate potential connections between this document and Hittite religious texts. The analysis of these three artifacts not only expands the extant corpus of Hittite inscriptions but also renders these artifacts accessible to all through their publication. This study exemplifies the significance of examining artifacts from private museums. Systematic documentation of these artifacts can yield valuable data for refining scholarly reconstructions of Hittite history and culture. Further research may elucidate the historical and philological significance of these artifacts using a comparative analysis with securely provenanced materials.
- MakaleTÜBA-AR · 2026 · s. 209-241Açık erişim
Holistic Conservation of Konaklı Pomak Houses in the Context of Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage
Emel Efe Yavaşcan, Cavit Uğurlu
This study examines the holistic conservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage through the case of the Pomak houses in the town of Konaklı, located in Niğde Province within the Cappadocia region of Türkiye. Konaklı is characterized by a multilayered cultural structure shaped by successive migration waves, and today communities of Thessaloniki, Romanian, and Bulgarian origin continue to sustain intangible heritage through language, culinary traditions, music, rituals, and everyday practices. However, the traditional Pomak houses have largely lost their original functions and face serious risks of deterioration and abandonment. Employing a qualitative case-study approach, the research documents the architectural characteristics, spatial organization, construction techniques, and current conditions of the houses through systematic field observation and on-site documentation, and evaluates these data together with the cultural practices of the local community based on literature review and comparative analysis. The findings underline that addressing tangible and intangible heritage in an integrated manner strengthens the continuity of local identity and supports the long-term safeguarding of rural architectural heritage. Based on this integrated assessment, adaptive reuse scenarios including a local cultural exhibition space, culinary heritage facilities, and small-scale production and sales units are proposed as conservation tools compatible with the cultural character of the settlement. The study concludes that a holistic conservation framework constitutes an effective model for sustaining vernacular architecture and safeguarding cultural continuity in rural settlements shaped by migration.
- MakaleTÜBA-AR · 2026 · s. 195-207Açık erişim
Gold-Gilded Glass Artifacts Produced with the Sandwich Gold-Glass Technique: Findings from Pisidia Antiochia
Habibe Uğuz
The glass artifacts decorated with gold leaf found in the Ancient City of Pisidia Antiochia, located in Yalvaç District, Isparta Province, constitute the subject of the present study. Within the scope of the study, 1 wall covering/panel made using the Sandwich Gold-Glass technique and glass tesserae made using this technique were evaluated. This study aims to reveal how these artifacts, which constitute one of the unique and special find groups, were used in architecture and particularly within a local context in Anatolia, by examining their forms, production techniques, areas of use, and comparisons with similar examples. First, the wall covering/panel was evaluated. First, the wall covering/panel was evaluated. This piece, made in the Sandwich Gold-Glass technique for now, is the only example found in the city. First, the form was defined and the production technique was discussed. Then, based on similar examples and the find context, an attempt was made to date it. The second group of glass tesserae features applied gold gilding decoration. To date, 1012 tesserae produced using this technique have been found at Antioch. All of them were unearthed in the church located on Aedilicus Hill. The church, known to have two phases, underwent its first phase during the reign of Emperor Justinian and was destroyed by an attack during the reign of Caliph Walid (713 AD). 9th century AD. In the middle of the century, in order to build the new church, the ruins of the old church were filled in and leveled out to create a flat surface. The gold-leaf tesserae found within this fill layer must have adorned the walls and ceiling of the church’s initial phase. For these gilded mosaic tiles, a date range of the 6th-7th century AD can be given. In addition to its contributions to regional archaeology In addition to its contributions to regional archaeology, the study also sheds light on glassworking in Anatolia from the perspectives of production and function.
- MakaleTÜBA-AR · 2026 · s. 177-194Açık erişim
Assyria’s Eastern Policy: The Kingdom of Ellipi
Şemsihan Kaya
This study examines the political position, historical development, and cultural context of the Kingdom of Ellipi within the Neo-Assyrian eastern policy toward the Zagros Mountains. The primary aim of study is to evaluate Assyrian royal inscriptions alongside archaeological and geographical evidence to better understand the role of the Kingdom of Ellipi within the Zagros region and to discuss its possible connections with Luristan. This study comparatively analyses Assyrian inscriptions from the reigns of Shalmaneser III, Tiglath-pileser III, Sargon II, Sennacherib, and Esarhaddon, considering archaeological finds, settlement distributions, mountain pass systems, and Iron Age pottery traditions in Western Iran. Evidence indicates that Ellipi functioned as an active local political entity within power balance between Assyria and Elam during the 9th-7th centuries BC. Identifying a material culture group that can be directly and conclusively associated with Ellipi remains difficult. Nevertheless, the distribution and regional characteristics of the Baba Djan III “Genre Luristan” pottery tradition provide indirect evidence of the kingdom’s cultural geography. These data suggest that the local political formations that developed within the fragmented topography of the Zagros played a more significant role in the eastern policy of Assyria than has generally been assumed.
- MakaleTÜBA-AR · 2026 · s. 147-176Açık erişim
An Evaluation of Iron Age Bronze Bowls at the Sakarya Museum and the Decoration of Phrygian Lotus Bowls
Handan Yıldızhan
One of the primary objectives of this research is to analyze the manufacturing techniques and iconographic characteristics of a group of bronze bowls within the inventory of the Sakarya Museum. Consequently, the study seeks to identify their potential production workshops, contexts of use, and overall significance within the Iron Age metal vessel industry. The most original scholarly contribution of this study centres on the Phrygian bowl with a lotus motif. Drawing upon the Hittite artistic tradition materialised in the Eflatunpınar Monument, this study suggests that the bowl’s lotus motif may have emerged under the influence of this tradition. This assessment presents a new theoretical framework rooted in Anatolian monumental relief art, offering an alternative to existing theories on the origins of the ornamentation. While typological analyses carried out on bronze bowls -catalogued and exhibited in the museum as Phrygian artefacts- indicate that the bowls are possibly manufactured between the eighth and sixth centuries BCE in Phrygian, Neo-Assyrian, and Achaemenid workshops, their exceptionally well-preserved condition further strengthens the likelihood that they derive from the burial assemblages of elite members of society. The distinctive application techniques identified in the production and repair processes of these bowls not only demonstrate the high technological and aesthetic capabilities of Iron Age metalworking but also shed light on the crafting traditions that have not previously been documented in the related literature. Within this study, the iconographic elements on the vessels are interpreted not merely as decorative features, but as intellectual compositions reflecting the belief systems, visual imagination, and symbolic universe of Iron Age societies, thereby enriching the current scholarly understanding.
- MakaleTÜBA-AR · 2026 · s. 133-145Açık erişim
A Study of Two Arrowheads from the Excavations at Kef Fortress
İsmail Coşkun, Yenal Sürün
This study aims to introduce to the academic literature two unique arrowheads, previously unknown in Urartian archaeology, which were discovered in the “Great Hall” area during the 2024 excavation season at Kef Fortress (Adilcevaz, Bitlis), a significant fortress of the Urartian Kingdom. One of the artefacts is made of flint, while the other is crafted from iron. The flint arrowhead is of great importance as it represents the first recorded instance of an arrowhead made from this material in the Urartian weapon repertoire. Measuring 2,5 cm in length and weighing 2 grams, this arrowhead is evaluated as potentially being used for long-distance hunting, given its lightweight structure and unique wing form. The second arrowhead, made of iron, distinguishes itself from the known “leaf/willow-leaf” form of Urartian ironworking. It is notable for its width of up to 3 cm, its triangular form, and its flat body structure lacking a pronounced midrib. This form represents a type hitherto unencountered in other Urartian centres across Anatolia. The article examines these two exceptional finds in detail using typological, material-based, and comparative methodologies, and opens a discussion on their place in Urartian archaeology and weapon typology. Both arrowheads allow us to pose new questions regarding the diversity in weapon design by Urartian craftspeople and potential inter-regional interactions.
- MakaleTÜBA-AR · 2026 · s. 97-132Açık erişim
Ayasuluk Hill South Necropolis: Archaeological Data and Evaluation in the Context of Historical and Cultural Continuity
Veysel Dağ, Ramazan Çetin, Sinan Mimaroğlu
In 2022, excavations proceeded on an area situated south of Ayasuluk Castle, within the boundary of Atatürk Mahallesi, Selçuk district, İzmir province, under the direction of the Ephesus Archaeological Museum. Given the quantity and significance of the archaeological artifacts discovered in the area throughout the project, the excavation was reclassified as a salvage excavation. A total of 26 tombs representing seven distinct burial types were unearthed during the current excavation. The assemblage comprises 7 straightforward earth graves, 1 amphora burial, 3 amphora cenotaph burials, 8 graves with tile roofing, 4 single-sloped tile graves, 2 Klazomenai-type sarcophagi formed of baked clay, and 1 cylindrical grave made of baked clay. The tombs were located at depths between -170 cm and -450 cm beneath the surface. Typological and material assessments indicate that the burials are from the Classical, Hellenistic, and Byzantine periods. During the excavation of the Ayasuluk Hill South Necropolis, encompassing an area of approximately 180 m², seven distinct types of tombs were discovered: simple earthen tombs, amphora burials, amphora cenotaphs (burials in absentia), roof tiles, single-sloped roof tiles, Klazomenai sarcophagi, and cylindrical tombs. This diversity signifies that the necropolis was utilized by individuals from various social, economic, and cultural strata. The presence of Klazomenai sarcophagi and the distinctions between simple earthen graves and their contents indicate social disparities within the same necropolis; however, all individuals opted for the Ayasuluk Hill South Necropolis as a shared burial site.
- MakaleTÜBA-AR · 2026 · s. 69-95Açık erişim
An Evaluation of Urbanization Phenomenon: Sintashta-Petrovka Case and its Comparison with Inland Western Anatolia
Okan Sezer
Initiated by Soviet air photography in the Southern Urals during the 1950s and 60s, the investigations were furthered through archaeological excavations in the 1970s and 80s at key settlements, such as Sintashta and Arkaim. Alongside these field studies, the archaeological materials from Novy Kumak burial ground have demonstrated that Sintashta-Petrovka is a different culture, setting it apart from other contemporary cultures. The proceedings submitted to a conference at Dushanbe in 1977 have played a crucial role in enhancing the worldwide visibility of the culture under discussion. Unfortunately, it presents no coherent picture of classification and denomination, like other prehistoric-protohistoric cultures found in the North Black Sea region that were once ruled by the Soviet Union. Although unfavourable circumstances have partly evolved with the advent of studies that removed language and political obstacles through a shared body of literature after 2000, some essential matters remain unaddressed. This paper aims to evaluate Sintashta-Petrovka in the context of the suggestion of speculative Anatolian origin and urban growth and to make some suggestions regarding the urbanization phenomenon by establishing cross-regional comparisons. Among these suggestions is that regions situated on the periphery of agricultural core areas sustained urbanization process through their endogenous conditions, while regular long-distance trade functioned a propelling force rather than an initial requirement.
- MakaleTÜBA-AR · 2026 · s. 47-67Açık erişim
A Piedmont–Style Cylinder Seal From Central Anatolia: An Early Bronze Age Case From Alişar Höyük
M. Gökçe Dede
This study aims to expand the limited archaeological evidence concerning early sealing practices in Central Anatolia by examining a piedmont–style cylinder seal recovered from Level 8M at Alişar Höyük, considering typological, technological, compositional, and contextual data. As the stratigraphic context of this specimen can be clearly established and given its dating to the final phases of the Early Bronze Age 2, it can be considered one of the earliest known cylinder seals from Central and Western Anatolia. The study analyses the seal’s production characteristics, decorative approach, and choice of raw material, comparing these features with seals from the core production regions of piedmont–style seals. While the seal reflects the fundamental principles of this tradition in terms of composition and decorative arrangement, it differs from central production examples in its use of diorite and in certain aspects of its craftsmanship, suggesting a provincial style. The Alişar seal thus provides an important point of reference for evaluating the relationship between the introduction of the cylinder seal tradition into Anatolia, production practices, and long–distance cultural interactions.
- MakaleTÜBA-AR · 2026 · s. 25-45Açık erişim
A Newly Discovered Early Bronze Age Settlement in the Western Black Sea Region: Çaylı Höyük
Emrullah Kalkan
Despite the presence of numerous settlements dating back to the Early Bronze Age (EBA) across many regions of Anatolia, this period is relatively poorly documented in the Western Black Sea Region. Considering that the known settlements from this era in the region are predominantly caves, the discovery of new tell-type settlements through recent research can be viewed as a significant finding. For this reason, the study of the archaeological material culture of Çaylı Höyük, which was identified during new surveys conducted in the Eskipazar district of Karabük, is of great importance. Çaylı Höyük is poised to make substantial contributions to the research history of the Protohistoric period in the Western Black Sea Region with its pottery tradition—largely represented by the Filyos culture—along with weaving implements and chipped stone tools. Although a general dating has only been established based on the material culture collected from the surface, the presence of characteristic potteries such as black-topped bowls, biconical spindle whorls, and protohistoric stone tools suggests that the settlement was likely inhabited for a short duration during a single phase in the Early Bronze Age. It is hypothesized that the tell was established on a travertine quarry, probably for the purpose of raw material acquisition and recent research indicates that many settlements belonging to this era are also present in the immediate vicinity of the mound.
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